[4]:100 Line 16 makes a reference to the 18 dhatus or elements of consciousness, using a conventional shorthand of naming only the first (eye) and last (conceptual consciousness) of the elements. This is the root of the problem. Pico Iyer, a journalist whose father is a friend of the Dalai Lama and who has himself been in private conversation with him for over thirty years writes: "Almost as soon as he came into exile, in 1959, the Dalai Lama seized the chance to get rid of much of the red tape and serfdom that had beset Tibet in the past". The Tibetan Army was established in 1913 by the 13th Dalai Lama, who had fled Tibet during the 1904 British expedition to Tibet and returned only after the fall of the Qing power in Tibet in 1911. [4]:1112,15 Avalokitevara famously states, "Form is empty (nyat). The Great Paramita Heart Sutra. According to Tibetan Buddhism, Panchen Lamas are living emanations of the buddha Amitabha. [62], As late as 1949 the Tibetan government still sentenced people to mutilation. "[21] Some scholars reject NKT/WSS claims that the 14th Dalai Lama has suppressed religious freedom, indicating that the situation is actually the opposite. "[41], In August 2021, the Associated Press reported that Wang Yang stated in front of the Potala Palace that efforts are needed to ensure that Tibetans share the "cultural symbols and images of the Chinese nation. Not only Gelugpa. Debate continues as to whether pre-1950 Tibetan society was especially oppressive or was comparable to, or better than, similar social structures in nearby regions. "[web 1]. The Tibetan word "lama" means "highest principle", and less literally "highest mother" or "highest parent" to show close relationship between teacher and student.[2][3]. [47], The practice of removing prayer flags, symbols of Tibetan culture and religious belief, has increased since 2010 as the persecution of religion escalates. Monks who had traveled across these areas note that the central government has allocated a disproportionate amount of funds since 1996 to pro-Shugden monasteries to assist them with construction and renovations. As part of his recent 20-day visit to various European countries, H.H. Both before and after the Communist takeover of 1950 there have been examples of human rights abuses, both state-sanctioned and otherwise. The old people's commune economic system was dismantled (while in other provinces it was ended in 1985), so farmland started to be used by the household, and livestock started to be owned and used by the household. [7] Forced conversion and heavy taxes were reported under his rule. He was often referred to simply as Choekyi Gyaltsen. The long version differs from the short version by including both an introductory and concluding section, features that most Buddhist sutras have. Despite equal numbers of applications from all khangtsens, of the 12 monks who were issued travel documents, only one was from an anti-Shugden khangtsen. "Greater Tibet". The traditional urban fabric, contemporary practices and future visions, http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=Salonique&num_notice=5&total_notices=8, Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906), Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913), Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinicization_of_Tibet&oldid=1119916793, Human rights of ethnic minorities in China, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with dead external links from May 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles with failed verification from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 November 2022, at 03:11. The Heart Stra (Sanskrit: Prajpramithdaya or Chinese: Xnjng, Tibetan: ) is a popular sutra in Mahyna Buddhism. [27], China's National Strategic Project to Develop the West, introduced during the 1980s after the Cultural Revolution, encourages the migration of Chinese people from other regions of China into Tibet with bonuses and favorable living conditions. Page 239, Matthews, Carol. The tension this caused within the Gelug and wider Tibetan community may reflect some opposition to his ecumenical approach."[19]. "[28] In his 1989 book A History of Modern Tibet Goldstein argued that although serfdom was prevalent in Tibet, this did not mean that it was an entirely static society. During the 20th century, the differences between these two belief systems [12], The earliest extant dated text of the Heart Sutra is a stone stele dated to 661 CE located at Yunju Temple and is part of the Fangshan Stone Sutra. When the Dalai Lama visited Mao Zedong in Beijing in 1954, Mao told him that he would move 40,000 Chinese farmers to Tibet. [53] He concludes that "serf" is a misleading term for the Tibetan mi ser. First of all, international law does not accept justifications of this type. "[14] Ngabo accepted Mao's Seventeen-Point Agreement, which stipulated that in return for Tibet becoming part of the People's Republic of China, it would be granted autonomy. He was richly rewarded, and the trial seems to have been a show trial by traditionalists seeking to prevent reform. The pro-Tibetan independence movement argument is that this is a misrepresentation of history created as a political tool in order to justify the Sinicization of Tibet. [4]:10506 Lines 1718 assert the emptiness of the Twelve Nidnas, the traditional twelve links of dependent origination, using the same shorthand as with the eighteen dhatus. The political debate associated with the Serfdom in Tibet controversy rests on whether these incidents justify the positions of the opposing parties. [23], Melvyn Goldstein has produced many works on Tibetan society since the 1960s and used "serf" to translate the Tibetan term mi ser (literally "yellow person";[26] also translated as peasant"[27]) and to describe both the landless peasant classes and the wealthier land holding and taxpaying class of families. Not only may serf and feudalism be Western terms inappropriate for Asian use but the geography and peoples of Tibet vary according to interpreter. After becoming ill in 1834 during an epidemic breakout in Lhasa, the Dalai Lama received his full Gelong ordination from the Panchen Lama in his nineteenth year. The crisis was precipitated by the shootings of nine unarmed civilians on May 8 in the According to Luciano Petech, "K'ams [the Kham region, largely synonymous with the province of Xikang which was abolished in 1950] was practically independent of Lhasa under its great lamas" in the 18th century CE. [15] Concentrating as it does on questions of national sovereignty, the official position of the Tibetan Government in Exile is more moderate in tone than that of some of its more extreme supporters who conflate the rule of the lamas with Tibetan Buddhist ideals, seeking to promote a Buddhist dogma that competes with the Marxist dogma of "feudal serfdom" by portraying Tibet under the lamas as, in Robert Thurman's words: "a mandala of the peaceful, perfected universe". [23] Thurman notes that members of the New Kadampa Tradition, responded by trying, to force their supposed mentor to adopt their perspective that the demonic spirit is an enlightened being, almost more important than the Buddha himself, and perhaps also rejoin their worship of it, or at least give them all his initiatory teachings in spite of their defiance of his best advice. [16][17] According to Isabel Hilton, it remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written. [54], In the political debate regarding the nature of pre-1950 Tibet, Chinese sources assert human rights abuses as a justification for the Communist invasion. In reply to my direct question he had to admit that this had ceased to happen during my time in Tibet. The earliest recorded commentary is the early 14th century Thin commentary entitled 'Commentary on the Prajhdaya Sutra' by Php Loa. The flag of Tibet (Standard Tibetan: , lit. This became known as the 70,000 Character Petition. Since the arrival of Christian missionaries in India in the 1st century (traits of Christians in Kerala from 1st-century Saint Thomas Christians), followed by the arrival of Buddhism in Western Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries, similarities have been perceived between the practices of Buddhism and Christianity. This time, "Mr. Wang" met with Chimi Tsering and other directors of the Delhi "Shugden Society", Lobsang Gyaltsen, Konchok Gyaltsen, Gelek Gyatso, and Soepa Tokhmey, the societys treasurer. Travelers who witnessed conditions in both China and Tibet in the 1940s found the Tibetan peasants to be far better off than their Chinese counterparts. People volunteer to be sent there as teachers, doctors and administrators to assist Tibet's development. We also know that most of the teachers surrounding the young man who in 1995 was designated as the Panchen Lama by the Chinese leadership, against the will of the Dalai Lama, belong to the Shugden group. Financial support had been obtained from Beijing through a network of pro-Shugden lamas with access to officials at the highest level. Or. I believe that Nyingmapas have a complete path. One of the central points of contention in the debate about labour and human rights in the historical region of Tibet before and after its incorporation into the modern state of the People's Republic of China is the very definition of Tibet and serfdom itself, with some scholars claiming that the debate is framed around Eurocentric, Sinocentric and anachronistic ideas about statehood and society which are projected onto the history of the area in a way that distorts understanding. This was an alternative which, despite retaining the concept of lordship, partially freed the mi ser from obligations to a landed estate, usually for an annual fee. [79], In 2008, Robert Barnett, director of the Program for Tibetan Studies at Columbia University, said that it was time for accusations of cultural genocide to be dropped: "I think we have to get over any suggestion that the Chinese are ill-intentioned or trying to wipe out Tibet. 127, A History of Modern Tibet, 19131951, Melvyn C. Goldstein pp. However, given the two concepts (religious and political) remain interwoven in the present Tibetan perception, an issue of religious controversy was seen as threat to political unity. The traditional Tibetan society, however, was not nearly as bad as China would have us believe. Samadhi (Sanskrit: ), in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and yogic schools, is a state of meditative consciousness. [24][non-primary source needed] In October 1977 he was released, but held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982. This is not a fault of Buddha-dharma, not a fault of Tibetan Buddhism, or even a fault of Tibetan people in general. A key element of Phabongkha Rinpoches outlook was the cult of the protective deity Dorje Shugden, which he married to the idea of Gelug exclusivism and employed against other traditions as well as against those within the Gelug who had eclectic tendencies. It was then gradually implemented into a ban starting from 1997 by the Tibetan Youth Congress including enforcement measures like imposing all spiritual masters to stop worshipping Shugden "in the interest of the Dalai Lama and Tibetan Independence" or urging all other Tibetan organizations and communities to expel anyone who venerates Shugden. The Chinese government has failed to bring to justice those responsible for the shooting death by People's Armed Police officers of a 17-year-old nun, Kelsang Namtso, while trying to cross the border into Nepal on September 30, 2006.[78]. The Dalai Lama used his political authority to deal with what was and should have remained a purely religious issue. As the only provincial level "poverty-stricken areas which lie in vast, contiguous stretches" in the People's Republic of China, the Tibet Autonomous Region developed a lot of anti-poverty programs, and the impoverished population has been shrinking substantially. He picked a few discontinuous segments and digitally enhanced them for their hypnotic sound effect. The DograTibetan War or Sino-Sikh War was fought from May 1841 to August 1842, between the forces of the Dogra nobleman Gulab Singh of Jammu, under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire, and those of Tibet. [citation needed] Kamaiya, the bonded labour system in neighbouring Nepal, was formally abolished in the year 2000. "[37], Several Tibetan sources portray Tibetan peasants and workers to support their own view of a Tibetan people who were not only independent of China, but found the Chinese alien and incomprehensible, and who suffered genocide under Chinese rule. Similarly, Tibetan Buddhism was referred to as "Lamaism"[2] by early western scholars and travelers who perhaps did not understand that what they were witnessing was a form of Buddhism;[2] they may also have been unaware of the distinction between Tibetan Buddhism and Bn. According to the U.S. Dept of State "Trafficking in Persons Report 2008,"[83] Bangladesh, Nepal, Mongolia and Pakistan are all Tier 2 countries, with China and India both on the Tier 2 watchlist. Chinese sources in English claim rapid progress for prosperous, free, and happy Tibetans participating in democratic reforms. No country is allowed to invade, occupy, annex and colonize another country just because its social structure does not please it. [15] Lacking support from the rest of the world, in August 1951 the Dalai Lama sent a telegram to Mao accepting the agreement. "[18], The Panchen Lama met with Zhou Enlai to discuss the petition he had written. Tibet was a de facto independent state between the collapse of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in 1912 and its annexation by the People's Republic of China in 1951.. On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age in the Tibetan counting system, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen Lama and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhndrub Chkyi Gyaltsen. Boiling oil was then poured into the sockets to cauterize the wound. "[web 7] In itself, the nuanced statement neither asserted nor denied the validity of the claims made against the TGIE, just that they were not actionable according to AI's mandate. The mutilation of top level Tibetan official Lungshar in 1934 gave an example. New Religions. In 2001 the Chinese ambassador was guest of honor at "The Millennium Conference on Human Rights" organized by the Shugden Devotees Religious and Charitable Society of Delhi and held March 2022 at the most prestigious venue in the Indian capital, the India International Centre. 6869, Goldstein, Central Asiatic Journal, pg. Goldstein and Miller's exchanges in an academic journal between 1986 and 1989 were a notable part of this debate. [web 33]. Foreigners raise questions about human rights and the environment, but China again denounces this as a foreign intervention in the internal affairs of a sovereign nation, and pulls the debate back to Tibet's historical status. [3] The main function of the deity was presented as "the protection of the Ge-luk tradition through violent means, even including the killing of its enemies. "[31], In June 2007, the Times stated that Interpol had issued a Red notice to China for extraditing two of the alleged killers, Lobsang Chodak and Tenzin Chozin. [5]:60 These appear to be the earliest extant commentaries on the text. Several reasons for the 14th Dalai Lama's stance have been given. [40] According to Kay, "Geshe Kelsang takes the elevation of Dorje Shugdens ontological status another step further, emphasising that the deity is enlightened in both essence and appearance. ryadeva's commentary is on the short version of the Heart Sutra. I admit to all the errors I have made, disturbing Nechung and contradicting the principle of the refuge, and I beg you, in your great heartfelt compassion, to forgive me and purify my actions. Tibetan children are removed from their families, and Tibetan religious and cultural influences, and placed in Tibetan only boarding schools across China, well outside the Tibet Autonomous Region. Originally from the Sakya school as a minor protector that was part of the Three Gyalpo Kings (Shugden, Setrap, and Tsiu Marpo), Shugden was subsequently adopted as a "minor protector" of the Gelug, the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism,[7] headed by the Dalai Lamas (although nominally the Ganden Tripas). It is notable in this report that most of the examples are not in the Tibet Autonomous Region, but in other provinces of China, such as Gansu Province and Sichuan Province (Tibetan areas in Sichuan are the eastern part of Kham). Beginning from the 8th century and continuing at least until the 13th century, the titles of the Indic manuscripts of the Heart Sutra contained the words "bhagavat" or "mother of all buddhas" and "prajpramit". This is no longer the case, China has been rapidly expanding government assimilation policies in the 2010s. It is common to see banners promoting the use of Chinese. Dorje Shugden does not help only Gelugpas; because he is a Buddha he helps all living beings, including non-Buddhists.[39]. The Dalai Lama set about to overhaul the economic structure of Tibet but, unfortunately, did not live long enough to see his plans come to fruition. The Tibetan areas in the four provinces ask the central government to benefit them as the Tibet Autonomous Region. The Dorje Shugden controversy is a controversy over Dorje Shugden, also known as Dolgyal, whom some consider to be one of several protectors of the Gelug school, the school of Tibetan Buddhism to which the Dalai Lamas belong. After the final meeting, a letter was drafted to be presented to the United Front Department of the Communist Party to ask for help in countering those discriminating against Shugden practitioners in India. Red Guards attacked civilians, who were accused of being traitors to communism. [18][9][note 12][19][20][21]:4344,7280, Kuiji and Woncheuk were the two main disciples of Xuanzang. There is also evidence of human rights infringements, including the 2006 Nangpa La shootings. Its northeastern extension Qilian Shan is another main northern range of the Kunlun. Dorje Shugden was a key tool in Pabongkhapa's persecution of the flourishing Rim movement, an ecumenical movement which fused the teachings of the Sakya, Kagyu and Nyingma,[10] in response to the dominance of the Gelug school. Goldstein, Melvyn C., Tsering, Tashi, and Siebenschuh, William. Lines 1415 list the twelve ayatanas or abodes. ", Raimondo Bultrini: HHDL states "That same day, when I told my senior tutor Ling Rinpoche, he confessed he was very happy, since he always had harbored doubts regarding the practice. [3], Pabongkhapa feared a decline of Gelug monasteries, and induced a revival movement, which promoted the Gelug as the only pure tradition. [12] He also vehemently rejected Dorje Shugden's associated sectarianism, emphasising that all the Tibetan traditions are equally profound dharmas and defending the unbiased and eclectic approach to Buddhist practice as exemplified by the Second, Third and Fifth Dalai Lamas. In a small 1978 pamphlet, Lobsang Gyatso alluded to a "knotless heretic teacher", which some people took as referring to Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso and his advocacy of Shugden. Thirdly, necessary reforms were initiated and Tibetans are quite capable of doing so. [2] Pro-Tibetan independence forces and countries which are sympathetic to their cause, especially many Western countries, often scrutinize the Chinese claims. ", "Dalai Lama wraps up teachings in France", "Avalokiteshvara Empowerment and Public Talk", "The Shugden Affair: Origins of a Controversy", "Charting the Shugden Interdiction in the Western Himalaya", "Himalayan Buddhist Art 101: Controversial Art, Part 1 Dorje Shugden", "Schisms, murder, and hungry ghosts in Shangra-La. In particular, your search for the support of a worldly guardian to ensure benefits in this life is contrary to the principle of the taking of refuge. Avalokitevara then goes through some of the most fundamental Buddhist teachings such as the Four Noble Truths, and explains that in emptiness none of these notions apply. [1][2][3] The government in exile says that the policies intend to make Tibet an integral part of China and control desire for Tibetan self-determination. This impression is confirmed by one of the stories that Shuk-den's partisans use to justify their claim. The applicability of the concept of serfdom to Tibet was debated between Melvyn Goldstein and anthropologist Beatrice D. Miller of Wisconsin University over a series of five articles in the Tibet Journal. The Tibet Autonomous Region is much poorer than other provinces of China. Dieses ist eben auch das PradschnaParamita der Buddhaisten, das 'Jenseit aller Erkenntni,' d.h. der Punkt, wo Subjekt und Objekt nicht mehr sind. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, the 13th Dalai Lama declared the independence of Tibet. [11] He was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama when they met in 1952. Tibetan materials, similarly, may be published by mainstream Western publishers, or by the Tibetan Government in Exile. the western Kham/Xikang) which was legally incorporated into the TAR when Xikang Province was abolished by the NPC in 1955. The 10th Panchen Lama was born as Gonpo Tseten on 19 February 1938, in Bido, today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai, known as Amdo. Distance from Dalai Lama protests among differing opinions, May 8th, 2014. "[60], Because Tibetan Buddhism prohibits killing, mutilation and other extremely cruel punishments were widely used instead in old Tibet. In Tibet, Mongolia and other regions influenced by Vajrayana, it is known as The [Holy] Mother of all Buddhas Heart (Essence) of the Perfection of Wisdom. The Eight Indian Commentaries from the Kangyur are (cf first eight on chart): There is one surviving Chinese translation of an Indian commentary in the Chinese Buddhist Canon. It then describes the venue in which the Buddha (or sometimes bodhisattvas, etc.) "[3][4][note 2] [note 3] It is recited by adherents of Mahayana schools of Buddhism regardless of sectarian affiliation. In his book Wind Between the Worlds: Captured in Tibet, he writes, "All over Tibet I had seen men who had been deprived of an arm or a leg for theft () Penal amputations were done without antiseptics or sterile dressings".[59]. According to this story, the Dharma-king has left this world to retire in the pure land of Tushita having entrusted the protection of the Ge-luk tradition to Shuk-den. The following is a representative sample. In 2010, on the 5th Tibet Work Forum, the central government declared its intention to make the Tibetan areas in the four provinces steadily progress as well as the Tibet Autonomous Region. Many schools traditionally have also praised the sutra by uttering three times the equivalent of "Mahprajpramit" after the end of the recitation of the short version. [citation needed], This article is about a political debate. [note 5][note 6]. [7]:216238 It is also viewed as one of the daughter sutras of the Prajnaparamita genre in the Vajrayana tradition as passed down from Tibet. Sources on the history of Tibet are available from both pro-Chinese and pro-Tibetan writers. Thus the bodhisattva, as the archetypal Mahayana Buddhist, relies on the perfection of wisdom, defined in the Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra to be the wisdom that perceives reality directly without conceptual attachment thereby achieving nirvana. [29] In the long version, Buddha praises Avalokitevara for giving the exposition of the Perfection of Wisdom and all gathered rejoice in its teaching. I believe that the Chinese were perfectly well aware that they were conning the tourists with displays of desiccated human arms, flutes made from femurs, and silver-mounted skulls; these objects, they used to maintain, testified to torture, flogging and other atrocities. However, Tibetans also believe that theft and banditry were common especially along trade routes. A few days went by, and a messenger brought Phabongkas response to the Potala, with a gold coin and a white kata. From that day the practice of the gyalpo spread like oil on water among the young students in the colleges. The Pachen Lama incarnation line began in the seventeenth century after the 5th Dalai Lama gave Chokyi Gyeltsen the title, and declared him to be an emanation of Buddha Amitaba.Officially, he became the first Panchen Lama in the lineage, while he had also been the sixteenth abbot of Tashilhunpo Monastery.. He told me it certainly was the right decisionLing Rinpoche raised a doubt with Phabongka that was shared by many others. It has been argued that his book is not supported by traditional Tibetan, Chinese, or Indian histories, that it contains inaccuracies and distortions,[13][21] and that Grunfeld's extracts from Bell were taken out of context to mislead readers. The first English translation was presented to the Royal Asiatic Society in 1863 by Samuel Beal, and published in their journal in 1865. [web 36], I also made it clear that the Western Shugden group's allegations are problematic: they are akin to attacking the Pope because some lay Catholics somewhere abuse non-believers or heretics. If the reports of the pro-Shugden convention financed by the embassy were only "rumor" spread by World Tibetan News, the ambassadors presence at the Millennium Conference was hard to reconcile with his routine duties as a diplomat. [28], With the Panchen Lama's invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in 1988 on a consecration ritual in central Tibet, which became a monumental pilgrimage of sacred Buddhist sites in Tibet, among them the Potala Palace, the Norbulinka, the Nechung Monastery, then to Sakya Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery, and also to Samye Monastery. [14], The 14th Dalai Lama publicly rejected The Yellow Book, which could only damage the common cause of the Tibetan people because of its sectarian divisiveness. 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