do Caf s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeiro Preto, So Paulo 14040-903, Brazil, Eduardo Geraldo de Campos,Bruno Ruiz Brando da Costa&Wilson Jos Ramos Santos Junior, Faculdade de Filosofia, Cincias e Letras de Ribeiro Preto, Universidade de So Paulo, Av. Synovial fluid obtained from articular joints, especially knee joints, has been also proposed as an alternative matrix for the investigation of drugs/metabolites such as morphine, codeine, cocaine, 6-MAM, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester [224]. Easy-to-use. [197], THC and THC-OH were detected only in blood and/or urine but not in VH in two cases [197]. blood clots, blood from thoracic or abdominal cavities, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, spleen, bile, bone, synovial fluid, bone marrow, maggots, skeletal muscle) can be occasionally collected in particular circumstances, which are detailed below in specific sections [ 2, 3 ]. Curr Neuropharmacol 16:8496. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeiro Preto, So Paulo 14040-901, Brazil, Fabiana Spineti dos Santos,Fernanda Monedeiro&Bruno Spinosa De Martinis, Instituto Master de Ensino Presidente Antnio Carlos - IMEPAC ARAGUARI, Av. Prior application, the skin is usually cleaned with a swab soaked in 70% isopropanol, to remove previously existing substances from external environment [85]. 8600 Rockville Pike The device is hypoallergenic and waterproof; besides that, each device has an imprinted individual code and once removed cannot be re-attached to the skinsuch characteristics aid the maintenance of chain of custody; the latter refers to the chronological documentation of the sample from the time of collection until the receivement by the laboratory [83], recording the sequence of custody, control, analysis and disposal of materials such as biological samples, used in analyses of forensic interest that prevent sample tampering [84]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3474-5, Burd L, Hofer R (2008) Biomarkers for detection of prenatal alcohol exposure: a critical review of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium. The INTip solid phase extraction product line includes XTR tips and XTR tips offered on the largest range of pipetting platforms. Gas chromatographic techniques used in separation and analysis of VH samples include GCMS [154, 156, 163, 164, 167,168,169,170, 180,181,182], gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GCNPD) [170, 177] and GCFID [159, 166]. Curr Pharm Des 23:54805486. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/34.9.539(open access article), Thaulow CH, iestad ML, Rogde S, Karinen R, Brochmann GW, Andersen JM, Hiseth G, Handal M, Mrland J, Arnestad M, iestad EL, Strand DH, Vindenes V (2018) Metabolites of heroin in several different post-mortem matrices. Ther Drug Monit 37:568580. Besides instrumental separation methods, immunoassays applied in the analysis of other biological fluids have also been explored for VH [170, 186,187,188,189]. J Pharm Biomed Anal 170:6367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinms.2020.10.004(open access article), Seidi S, Rezazadeh M, Alizadeh R (2019) Miniaturized sample preparation methods for saliva analysis. Furthermore, it is possible to evaluate chronic drug use through segmental analysis, in which hair is cut into smaller pieces and analyzed separately [66,67,68], and also to locate and characterize drugs on a single hair sample, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) combined with imaging mass spectrometry [69, 70]. Therefore, further research is still needed to provide analytical methods and better understanding on the behavior of drugs in these matrices, especially for emerging NPS. The benefits associated to breastfeeding for both mother and infant, including decreased rates of infections and severe comorbidities, must be weighed against the effects of the drug on the infant to make the best decision for both mother and childs health. Clin Chem 54:172180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.013, Savini F, Tartaglia A, Coccia L, Palestini D, DOvidio C, de Grazia U, Merone GM, Bassotti E, Locatelli M (2020) Ethanol determination in post-mortem samples: correlation between blood and vitreous humor concentration. Additionally, because oral fluid is slightly acidic relative to blood (pH 5.86.8), weak basic drugs tends to be ionized and, consequently, to be present in higher concentrations in this matrix (referred as ion trapping) [12, 13]. Forensic Sci Int 305:109999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109999, Fels H, Lottner-Nau S, Sax T, Roider G, Graw M, Auwrter V, Musshoff F (2019) Postmortem concentrations of the synthetic opioid U-47700 in 26 fatalities associated with the drug. Front Chem. Bioanalysis 13:4564. Our pipette tips provide INTip solid phase extraction and INTip filtration for a variety of applications. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 36:14971506. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the J Pediatr 156:S3S7. Ther Drug Monit 31:511519. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.46.4.292(open access article), Fernndez P, Rodrguez P, Bermejo AM, Lpez-Rivadulla M, Cruz A (1994) Simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in vitreous humor by HPLC. In another study, heroin and its metabolites were confirmed in 78.1% of sweat samples using GCMS. On the other hand, meconium testing has some limitations. The metabolite 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) was rapidly detected after heroin administration and its concentration continued to increase with time as heroin levels decreased, indicating heroin hydrolysis in the collection patch [96]. The deposition of drugs in hair can be influenced by hairs melanin content (hair color) and ethnic origin; and lipophilicity, polarity and basicity of the parent drug or its metabolites. Forensic Toxicol 40, 118 (2022). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted For example, the Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science (OSAC) recommend research on alternative matrices for the improvement of forensic toxicology [225]. Finally, caution must be taken with the choice of the oral fluid sampling device, since it may directly influence the analytical result, and it is a very important variable when standardizing a method and when comparing the results of different laboratories [15]. Oral fluid is an exocrine secretion produced mainly by the three pairs of major salivary glands (parotis, submandibularis and sublingualis) at a rate of 0.51.5L per day [6, 7]. J Anal Toxicol 32:601604. Sweat can be collected by wiping the skin with gauze, cotton, filter paper or plastic materials [82]. Best Poster Award during the International Conference on Reproductive Biology and Toxicology, Brazilian Societies on . Interpretation of analytical findings is more complex, considering the complexity and variability of the incorporation of the drugs into hair matrix [71]. Forensic Sci Int 245:e33e35. PubMedGoogle Scholar. FOIA Therefore, the entomotoxicology and entomological evidence are immensely useful as alternative matrices when the corpse is highly decayed or even skeletonized 7, 8 . PMID: 21237593 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.12.015 Abstract Forensic entomotoxicology studies the usefulness of insects as alternative toxicological samples. DPX Technologies manufactures sample preparation products and develops methods for a diverse range of applications. Entomotoxicology is a(n) research topic. 2017 Sep;131(5):1399-1412. doi: 10.1007/s00414-017-1603-9. Then, the preliminary extract is subjected to clean-up to promote analyte pre-concentration. However, factors such as gender, age and physical exercise, may alter this value (which can range from 5.2 to 6.9). In addition, tooth is another matrix that has been explored in forensic toxicology, especially considering its ability to resist to postmortem decomposition, environmental changes and other agents [220]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.10.007, Esteban M, Castao A (2009) Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: a review. Decomposition; Drugs; Entomotoxicology; Forensic science; Postmortem interval. Estimated limit of quantitation for heroin and metabolites was 2.5ng/patch [96]. Int J Mol Sci 17:846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17060846(open access article), Article The implication of morphometrics and growth rate of dipteran flies in forensic entomotoxicology research: a review. Talanta 205:120158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120158, Rocchi R, Simeoni MC, Montesano C, Vannutelli G, Curini R, Sergi M, Compagnone D (2018) Analysis of new psychoactive substances in oral fluids by means of microextraction by packed sorbent followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The device is composed of a 29mm diameter disk equipped with a capillary plastic coil, responsible for the collection of fluid. J Matern Neonatal Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.012, Andreasen MF, Telving R, Birkler RID, Schumacher B, Johannsen M (2009) A fatal poisoning involving bromo-dragonfly. Forensic Sci Int 210:e7e11. Forensic entomotoxicology studies the usefulness of insects as alternative toxicological samples. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.002, Gambelunghe C, Fucci N, Aroni K, Bacci M, Marcelli A, Rossi R (2016) Cannabis use surveillance by sweat analysis. Forensic Sci Int 310:110235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110235, Kugelberg FC, Jones AW (2007) Interpreting results of ethanol analysis in postmortem specimens: a review of the literature. Entomotoxicology$ Francesco Intronaa,*, Carlo Pietro Campobassoa, Madison Lee Goffb a Section of Legal Medicine (D.I.M.I.M.P. Clin Obstet Gynecol 56:202211. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. and transmitted securely. Depending on how sweat sample is collected, it can also include secretions generated by the sebaceous glands. Several exogenous compounds arising from mothers consumption habits may be incorporated into breast milk during lactation, and breastfed babies may be exposed to the substances such as medication, pesticides, toxic metals and drugs of abuse [128,129,130,131]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted J Anal Toxicol 23:168172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.008, Pascali JP, Palumbo D, Umani Ronchi F, Mari F, Fioravanti A, Bertol E (2020) Ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair of detainees: a preliminary study. J Anal Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz085, Crunelle CL, Yegles M, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A, De Doncker M, Maudens KE, Sabbe B, Dom G, Lambert WE, Michielsen P, Neels H (2014) Hair ethyl glucuronide levels as a marker for alcohol use and abuse: a review of the current state of the art. We present a series of 29 necropsies in which organic compounds (including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, phenothiazine, opiates, cannabinoids . With this respect, oral fluid is a good alternative to breathalyzer assessment, because it provides simultaneous identification of alcohol and other psychoactive drugs, and also allows the sample to be stored and reanalyzed if there is a judicial request [16]. This technique is a major advance in forensics; previously, such determinations were impossible in the case of severely . J Forensic Sci 35:13031309 (PMID: 2262767), Alvear E, von Baer D, Mardones C, Hitschfeld A (2014) Determination of cocaine and its major metabolite benzoylecgonine in several matrices obtained from deceased individuals with presumed drug consumption prior to death. Forensic entomotoxicology is concerned with the use of insect specimens as an indirect source of toxicological evidence in the absence of direct forensic matrices, such as blood, urine, soil or water, in determining the presence of a toxicant in those insects' environments, which may be a dead body, a river or even an entire landscape. J Appl Toxicol 33:740745. Alternative biological fluids are important specimens in forensic toxicology. Accred Qual Assur 11:284290. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Methods The detection of recent drug use (within 7days) is not possible. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003081-199306000-00006, Diamant NE (1985) Development of esophageal function. Korean J Intern Med 24:110. Sweating induction is achieved by pilocarpine iontophoresis. In comparison, postmortem blood is more likely than VH to suffer microbial activity and degradation [157] and autolytic processes are delayed in VH in relation to blood [158]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1130, Wyman J, Bultman S (2004) Postmortem distribution of heroin metabolites in femoral blood, liver, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor. After death, bacteria present in the gut, lung, oral cavity and other microbiomes, and also environmental bacteria may infect other surrounding tissues and fluids, whereas in VH this process occur to a lesser extent, reducing the contamination and increasing the stability of this specimen [149]. Forensic Sci Int 315:110428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110428, Minoli M, Casati S, Angeli I, Ravelli A, Rota P, Allevi P, Orioli M (2019) Analysis of hydroxy-cocaine metabolites as evidence of cocaine consumption: identification by parent ion search and quantitation by UHPLC-MS/MS in hair. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2008.138024, Jacques SM, Qureshi F (2020) Does in utero meconium passage in term stillbirth correlate with autopsy and placental findings of hypoxia or inflammation?. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.108670(open access article), Mart-lamo S, Mancheno-Franch A, Marzal-Gamarra C, Carlos-Fabuel L (2012) Saliva as a diagnostic fluid. To address these SPE limitations we have developed fast methods for comprehensive analysis of oral fluid samples using Dispersive Pipette XTRaction technology. Anal Bioanal Chem 396:24692477. Current advances in the use of arthropods as alternate toxicological specimens and the effects of various drugs and toxins on arthropod . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.010, Herrera-Gmez F, Garca-Mingo M, Cols M, Gonzlez-Luque JC, lvarez FJ (2018) Opioids in oral fluid of Spanish drivers. Sustain Chem Pharm 20:100388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2021.100388, Article Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 915, Chapter Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine In postmortem cases, when investigating the presence of drugs consumed by the deceased a long time after death, a hair sample might be the only biological matrix available for the analysis. J Anal Toxicol 25:621624. Read the article on the rebrand. Sci Rep. 2022 May 19;12(1):8358. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12351-w. Galil FMAA, Zambare SP, Al-Mekhlafi FA, Al-Keridis LA. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkt053(open access article), Andreasen MF, Telving R, Rosendal I, Eg MB, Hasselstrm JB, Andersen LV (2015) A fatal poisoning involving 25C-NBOMe. Int J Legal Med. Toxicol Forensic Med Open J. The technique provided growth of enrichment factor over original EME, reducing limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs); and the use of low volume of organic solvent allowed the analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GCFID), which usually cannot be performed with EME due to its aqueous acceptor phase, which is often analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLCUV) [138]. As all complex matrices, meconium requires extensive pre-analytical processing to minimize matrix interferences and improve the detection potential for the analytes of interest. Clin Chem Lab Med 57:238243. Paired analysis of cannabinoids was performed on hair, urine and sweat [94]. The selection of specimens in toxicological analyses is a critical step. In addition, this matrix is simpler, presenting less interference ascompared to blood and urine; consequently, the drug analysis can be performed more accurately [14,15,16, 18, 19]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa081, Chesser R, Pardi J, Concheiro M, Cooper G (2019) Distribution of synthetic opioids in postmortem blood, vitreous humor and brain. J Appl Toxicol 26:253257. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-1889, Vahidinia A, Samiee F, Faradmal J, Rahmani A, Javad MT, Leili M (2019) Mercury, lead, cadmium, and barium levels in human breast milk and factors affecting their concentrations in Hamadan. However, this range of alternative specimens is not exhaustive and other fluids have been explored and proposed. In: Suzuki O, Watanabe K (eds) Drugs and poisons in humans: handbook of practical analysis. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. In addition, these matrices can be collected and analyzed when blood and urine are not available. In: StatPearls [Internet].